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This period saw a surge of research that borrowed theory and methods from economics to study political institutions, such as the United States Congress, as well as political behavior, such as voting. The late 1960s and early 1970s witnessed a takeoff in the use of deductive, game-theoretic formal modelling techniques aimed at generating a more analytical corpus of knowledge in the discipline. A focus on studying political behavior, rather than institutions or interpretation of legal texts, characterized early behavioral political science, including work by Robert Dahl, Philip Converse, and in the collaboration between sociologist Paul Lazarsfeld and public opinion scholar Bernard Berelson. In the 1950s and the 1960s, a behavioral revolution stressing the systematic and rigorously scientific study of individual and group behavior swept the discipline.
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Taken in this sense, it includes the organization and functions of the state, and the relation of states one to another." Behavioural revolution and new institutionalism In the inaugural issue of Political Science Quarterly, Munroe Smith defined political science as "the science of the state. The journal Political Science Quarterly was established in 1886 by the Academy of Political Science. The American Political Science Association and the American Political Science Review were founded in 19, respectively, in an effort to distinguish the study of politics from economics and other social phenomena. Integrating political studies of the past into a unified discipline is ongoing, and the history of political science has provided a rich field for the growth of both normative and positive political science, with each part of the discipline sharing some historical predecessors. The designation "political scientist" is commonly used to denote someone with a doctorate or master's degree in the field. The advent of political science as a university discipline was marked by the creation of university departments and chairs with the title of political science arising in the late 19th century. The term "political science" was not always distinguished from political philosophy, and the modern discipline has a clear set of antecedents including also moral philosophy, political economy, political theology, history, and other fields concerned with normative determinations of what ought to be and with deducing the characteristics and functions of the ideal state. At that time it began to separate itself from political philosophy, which traces its roots back to the works of Aristotle and Plato, which were written nearly 2,500 years ago. Political science, as one of the social sciences, uses methods and techniques that relate to the kinds of inquires sought: primary sources, such as historical documents and official records, secondary sources, such as scholarly journal articles, survey research, statistical analysis, case studies, experimental research, and model building.Īs a social political science, contemporary political science started to take shape in the latter half of the 19th century. Approaches include positivism, interpretivism, rational choice theory, behaviouralism, structuralism, post-structuralism, realism, institutionalism, and pluralism. Political science is methodologically diverse and appropriates many methods originating in psychology, social research, and political philosophy. Furthermore, political science is related to, and draws upon, the fields of economics, law, sociology, history, philosophy, human geography, political anthropology, and psychology. Other notable subdisciplines are public policy and administration, domestic politics and government, political economy, and political methodology.
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Modern political science can generally be divided into the three subdisciplines of comparative politics, international relations, and political theory. It is a social science dealing with systems of governance and power, and the analysis of political activities, political thought, political behavior, and associated constitutions and laws. Political science is the scientific study of politics.